The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforce on Evidence Based Surgery develops clinical practice documents including clinical practice guidelines, expert consensus documents, and expert opinion/white papers to provide practical assistance to the STS membership. These documents are intended to assist physicians and other health care providers in clinical decision-making by describing a range of generally acceptable approaches for the diagnosis, management, or prevention of specific diseases or conditions. 

Clinical practice guideline documents are thoroughly reviewed, and the conclusions and recommendations are based on a systematic review of scientific evidence published in medical literature. 
 
Expert consensus documents represent the collective opinions of an expert panel on a clinical topic. The opinions expressed in the statement(s) are not generally developed in accordance with the formal evidence review process outline for clinical practice guidelines. The authors may suggest treatment strategies based on their collective knowledge and clinical experience.  
 
An expert opinion/white paper is authored by leading experts on clinical topics with scarce data and significant uncertainty. These documents are intended to synthesize existing scientific literature, divergent opinions, and other treatment strategies, rather than provide recommendations.   

Adult Cardiac Surgery

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Diagnosing and Treating Acute and Chronic Syndromes of the Aortic Organ (2024) 

  • EACTS/STS Guidelines for Diagnosing and Treating Acute and Chronic Syndromes of the Aortic Organ 
    Martin Czerny, Martin Grabenwoger, Tim Berger, Victor Aboyans, Alessandro DellaCorte, Edward P. Chen, Nimesh D. Desai, Julia Dumfarth, John A. Elefteriades, Christian D. Etz, Karen M. Kim, Maximilian Kreibich, Mario Lescan, Luca Di Marco, Andreas Martens, Carlos A. Mestres, Milan Milojevic, Christoph A. Nienaber, Gabriele Piffaretti, Ourania Preventza, Eduard Quintana, Bartosz Rylski, Christopher L. Schlett, Florian Schoenhoff, Santi Trimarchi, and Konstantinos Tsagakis, EACTS/STS Scientific Document Group 
    © 2024 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 

Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (2023) 

Prevention of Adult Cardiac Surgery–Associated Acute Kidney Injury (2023) 

Type B Aortic Dissection (2021) 

Patient Blood Management (2021) 

  • STS/SCA/AmSECT/SABM Update to the Clinical Practice Guidelines on Patient Blood Management 
    Pierre Tibi, MD, R. Scott McClure, MD, FRCSC, Jiapeng Huang, MD, Robert A. Baker, PhD, CCP, David Fitzgerald, DHA, CCP, C. David Mazer, MD, Marc Stone, MD, Danny Chu, MD, Alfred H. Stammers, MSA, CCP Emeritus, Tim Dickinson, CCP, Linda Shore-Lesserson, MD, Victor Ferraris, MD, Scott Firestone, MS, Kalie Kissoon, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce, MD, FRCSC 
    © 2021 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the American Society of ExtraCorporeal Technology, and Elsevier Inc. 

Transesophageal Echocardiography (2020) 

Anticoagulation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass (2018) 

Arterial Conduits for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (2016) 

© 2016 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Expert Consensus Documents

Perioperative Care in Cardiac Surgery (2023) 

Surgical Heart Valve Characteristics for Optimal Valve Prosthesis Selection (2021) 

Stage Classification Expert Consensus Update: A Review and Incorporation of Validation Studies (2021) 

  • SCAI SHOCK Stage Classification Expert Consensus Update: A Review and Incorporation of Validation Studies 
    Srihari S. Naidu, MD, FSCAI, David A. Baran, MD, FSCAI, Jacob C. Jentzer, MD, Steven M. Hollenberg, MD, Sean van Diepen, MD, MSc, Mir B. Basir, DO, FSCAI, Cindy L. Grines, MD, MSCAI, Deborah B. Diercks, MD, MSc, FACEP, Shelley Hall, MD, Navin K. Kapur, MD, FSCAI, William Kent, MD, MSc, Sunil V. Rao, MD, FSCAI, Marc D. Samsky, MD, Holger Thiele, MD, FESC, Alexander G. Truesdell, MD, FSCAI, Timothy D. Henry, MD, MSCAI 
    © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Foundation. 

Post-Cardiotomy Extracorporeal Life Support in Adult Patients

  • 2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS Expert Consensus on Post-Cardiotomy Extracorporeal Life Support in Adult Patients (2020) 
    Roberto Lorusso, MD, PhD, Glenn Whitman, MD, Milan Milojevic, MD, PhD, Giuseppe Raffa, MD, PhD, David M. McMullan, MD, Udo Boeken, MD, PhD, Jonathan Haft, MD, Christian A. Bermudez, MD, Ashish S. Shah, MD, and David A. D’Alessandro, MD 
    © 2021 Jointly between The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, and the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization 

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Intervention (2019) 

General Thoracic Surgery

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Multimodality Therapy for Locally Advanced Cancer of the Esophagus or Gastroesophageal Junction (2023) 

Malignant Pleural Effusions (2018) 

  • Management of Malignant Pleural Effusions: An Official ATS/STS/STR Clinical Practice Guideline 
    David J. Feller-Kopman*, Chakravarthy B. Reddy*, Malcolm M. DeCamp, Rebecca L. Diekemper, Michael K. Gould, Travis Henry, Narayan P. Iyer, Y. C. Gary Lee, Sandra Z. Lewis, Nick A. Maskell, Najib M. Rahman, Daniel H. Sterman, Momen M. Wahidi, and Alex A. Balekian; on behalf of the American Thoracic Society, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society of Thoracic Radiology 
    © 2018 The American Thoracic Society, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and The Society of Thoracic Radiology 

Prophylaxis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation Associated With General Thoracic Surgery (2011) 

Expert Consensus Documents

Surgical Management of Thymoma (2024) 

  • STS Expert Consensus Document on the Surgical Management of Thymomas 
    Douglas Z Liou, MD, Mark F. Berry, MD, Lisa M. Brown, MD, Todd L. Demmy, MD, James Huang, MD, Onkar V. Khullar, MD, Sukhmani K. Padda, MD, Rachit D. Shah, MD, Matthew D. Taylor, MD, Seyfi Alper Toker, MD, Elisabeth Weiss, MD,  Sean C. Wightman, MD, Stephanie G. Worrell, MD, J.W. Awori Hayanga, MD MPH 
    © 2024 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 

Management of Pleural Drains Following Pulmonary Lobectomy (2024) 

Pulmonary Metastasectomy (2019) 

  • Expert Consensus Document on Pulmonary Metastasectomy (2019) 
    John R. Handy, MD, Ross M. Bremner, MD, Todd S. Crocenzi, MD, Frank C. Detterbeck, MD, Hiran C. Fernando, MD, Panos M. Fidias, MD, Scott Firestone, MS, Candice A. Johnstone, MD, Michael Lanuti, MD, Virginia R. Litle, MD, Kenneth A. Kesler, MD, John D. Mitchell, MD, Harvey I. Pass, MD, Helen J. Ross,  MD, and Thomas K. Varghese, MD 
    © 2019 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 

Congenital Heart Surgery

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Management with Coarctation (2024) 

  • STS Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Neonates and Infants with Coarctation 
    Elizabeth H. Stephens, MD, Ph.D, Eric N. Feins, MD, Tara Karamlou, MD, Brett R. Anderson, MD, MBA, MS, Bahaaladin Alsoufi, MD, Mark S. Bleiweis, MD, Yves d’Udekem, MD, PhD, Jennifer S. Nelson, MD, MS, Awais Ashfaq, MD, Bradley S. Marino, MD, MPP, MSCE, MBA, James D. St. Louis, MD,k Hani K. Najm, MD, MSc,l Joseph W. Turek, MD, PhD, MBA, Danial Ahmad, MD, MPH, Joseph A. Dearani, MD, Jeffrey P. Jacobs, MD 
    © 2024 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 

Protecting the Infant Brain During Cardiac Surgery (2012) 

Expert Consensus Documents

Nomenclature and Classification of the Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve (2021) 

  • International Consensus Statement on Nomenclature and Classification of the Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve 
    Hector I. Michelena, MD, Alessandro Della Corte, MD, PhD, Arturo Evangelista, MD, Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD, William D. Edwards, MD, Mary J. Roman, MD, Richard B. Devereux, MD, Borja Fernandez, PhD, Federico M. Asch, MD, Alex J. Barker, PhD, Lilia M. Sierra-Galan, MD, Laurent De Kerchove, MD, Susan M. Fernandes, LPD, PA-C, Paul W. M. Fedak, MD, PhD, Evaldas Girdauskas, MD, Victoria Delgado, MD, Suhny Abbara, MD, Emmanuel Lansac, MD, Siddharth K. Prakash, MD, PhD, Malenka M. Bissell, MD, Bogdan A. Popescu, MD, PhD, Michael D. Hope, MD, Marta Sitges, MD, PhD, Vinod H. Thourani, MD, Phillippe Pibarot, DVM, PhD, Krishnaswamy Chandrasekaran, MD, Patrizio Lancellotti, MD, Michael A. Borger, MD, John K. Forrest, MD, John Webb, MD, Dianna M. Milewicz, MD, PhD, Raj Makkar, MD, Martin B. Leon, MD, Stephen P. Sanders, MD, Michael Markl, PhD, Victor A. Ferrari, MD, William C. Roberts, MD, Jae-Kwan Song, MD, PhD, Philipp Blanke, MD, Charles S. White, MD, Samuel Siu, MD, SM, Lars G. Svensson, MD, PhD, Alan C. Braverman, MD, Joseph Bavaria, MD, Thoralf M. Sundt, MD, Gebrine El Khoury, MD, Ruggero De Paulis, MD, Maurice Enriquez-Sarano, MD, Jeroen J. Bax, MD, Catherine M. Otto, MD, and Hans-Joachim Schäfers, MD 
    © 2021 Jointly between The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, The American Association for Thoracic Surgery, The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, and The Radiological Society of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. 

Clinical practice guidelines are intended as one element of the physician’s armamentarium and should not be considered inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed at obtaining the same results. Moreover, these guidelines are subject to change over time, without notice. The ultimate judgment regarding the care of a particular patient must be made by the physician in light of the individual circumstances presented by the patient. 
 
STS clinical practice guidelines may be printed or downloaded for individual and personal use only. Guidelines may not be reproduced in any print or electronic publication or offered for sale or distribution in any format without the express written permission of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons.